Senate — Recent Bills

Hershel ‘Woody' Williams National Medal of Honor Monument Location Act

Lunar Landing Day Act

Two founders (Hamilton and Jefferson) argue that the bill exceeds Congress's enumerated powers and violates the Tenth Amendment, making it unconstitutional. Madison conditions constitutionality on the bill being purely symbolic with no lega

Bankruptcy Threshold Adjustment Act of 2026

The bill adjusting bankruptcy thresholds is constitutional provided that the adjustment is reasonable, does not impair the obligation of contracts, maintains uniformity, and does not delegate legislative power without clear standards. This

DeOndra Dixon INCLUDE Project Act of 2026

The bill is constitutional provided that it respects the Tenth Amendment, does not commandeer state governments, and is limited to federal spending with explicit state opt-in provisions rather than imposing mandates on states.

Federal Building Threat Notification Act

The bill is constitutional in principle, but its validity depends on strict adherence to enumerated powers, respect for state sovereignty, and protection of First Amendment rights. The notification requirement must apply only to federal emp

Common Cents Act

The majority of Founders (Hamilton and Jefferson) find the 'Common Cents Act' unconstitutional because it mandates the continued production of one-cent coins, which exceeds Congress's enumerated powers under Article I, Section 8, Clause 5 a

Northern Border Security Enhancement and Review Act

Diversity Jurisdiction Inflation Adjustment Act

The bill is a constitutional exercise of Congress's authority to adjust the amount in controversy threshold for diversity jurisdiction under Article III and the Necessary and Proper Clause, as it is a procedural update that does not exceed

Officer John Barnes and Chief Michael Ansbro Public Safety Officers' Benefit Program Expansion Act of 2026

The Founders are evenly divided. Two (Hamilton and Marshall) find the bill constitutional under the Spending and Necessary and Proper Clauses, while two (Madison and Jefferson) find it unconstitutional as exceeding enumerated powers and vio

Space Commerce Advisory Committee Act

The advisory committee is a proper exercise of Congress's commerce power under Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 and the Necessary and Proper Clause, as commercial space activities involve interstate and foreign commerce. The committee's advis

A bill to expand the sharing of information with respect to suspected violations of intellectual property rights in trade.

The bill is a constitutional exercise of Congress's power to regulate foreign commerce and to secure exclusive rights to authors and inventors. The expansion of information sharing by Customs and Border Protection is a necessary and proper

USMMA Athletics Act of 2026

The bill is constitutional as it falls within Congress's enumerated powers under Article I, Section 8, Clauses 12-14 and the Necessary and Proper Clause (Clause 18) to regulate federal military academies and provide for the common defense,

Kay Hagan Tick Reauthorization Act

The reauthorization is constitutional only if narrowly confined to interstate commerce and federal enumerated powers, does not impose unfunded mandates or commandeer state governments, and is tailored to genuine interstate public health con

Accelerating Access to Critical Therapies for ALS Reauthorization Act of 2026

A resolution expressing support for the designation of the week of September 11 through September 17, 2026, as "Patriot Week".

The resolution is a non-binding expression of support for a symbolic designation, which does not create law, appropriate funds, or compel action. It falls within Congress's inherent authority to express sentiments under Article I, Section 1

End Gas Station Heroin Act

The bill is constitutional under the Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause, but must be applied to interstate commerce only and based on objective evidence to avoid overreach into state police powers.

A resolution commending and congratulating the Pennsylvania State University Nittany Lions men's wrestling team for winning the 2026 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I National Championship.

The resolution is constitutional because it is a non-binding expression of sentiment, not a law with coercive effect, and falls within the inherent prerogatives of Congress to conduct its internal proceedings and express opinions without ex

A bill to amend the Help America Vote Act of 2002 to require voters to provide photo identification.

The bill is constitutional only if it includes reasonable accommodations to prevent undue burdens on voters, such as free access to identification and alternative verification methods, ensuring it does not disenfranchise citizens or exceed

A resolution celebrating the 80th anniversary of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the premier public health institute of the United States.

The resolution is a non-binding expression of sentiment, does not create law or obligations, and falls within the customary legislative authority of Congress. It does not exceed enumerated powers or infringe on state powers.

Pennington County Land Conveyance Act

A resolution designating September 2026 as "National Child Awareness Month" to promote awareness of charities that benefit children as well as youth-serving organizations throughout the United States and recognizing the efforts made by those charities and organizations on behalf of children and youth as critical contributions to the future of the United States.

FITNESS Act

The bill is constitutional as an exercise of Congress's power under the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Appointments Clause to set minimum standards for federal law enforcement officers, ensuring faithful execution of the laws without i

A bill to amend the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 to establish certain procedures for consideration of appropriation bills, and for other purposes.

A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to ensure that only citizens are eligible to vote in Federal elections.

A resolution honoring the lives and service of Emily Barker, Nicholas Hutcherson, Sydney Watson, Nathan Matthews, Nicholas Dale, and all those who serve on the front lines of wildland firefighting efforts in the United States.

All four Founders agree that the resolution is constitutional as a ceremonial expression of honor and gratitude, falling within Congress's inherent or incidental powers and not exceeding enumerated powers or infringing on other branches or

China AI Power Report Act

The bill is a constitutional exercise of Congress's investigative and oversight powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause and its enumerated powers over national defense and foreign affairs.

Combatting the Persecution of Religious Groups in the People’s Republic of China Act

The bill is constitutional only if it remains a mere expression of policy without binding legal effect or coercive measures that would encroach upon state or individual liberties, or infringe on the President's exclusive diplomatic powers.

A resolution designating August 21, 2026, as "Fentanyl Prevention and Awareness Day".

The resolution is constitutional only if it remains purely symbolic, carries no legal effect, no expenditure of public funds, and no implication of federal jurisdiction over the subject matter; otherwise, it would exceed the enumerated powe

A bill to provide for a ten-year statute of limitations for export control violations under the Export Control Reform Act of 2018.

The bill is constitutional under the Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause, but only if the ten-year statute of limitations is applied uniformly without arbitrary exceptions, does not delegate excessive discretion to the executive

A resolution expressing support for the designation of the first week of August 2026, as "National Community Health Center Week", encouraging all people of the United States to participate by visiting their local community health center, and celebrating the important partnership between community health centers and the communities they serve.

New Source Review Permitting Improvement Act

The bill is constitutional as a valid exercise of Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce under Article I, Section 8, Clause 3. The clarification of definitions within the Clean Air Act falls within the federal government's authori

Stopping Border Surges Act

The bill is constitutional as a valid exercise of Congress's enumerated powers under Article I, Section 8, Clause 4 (Naturalization) and the Necessary and Proper Clause, but must include clear due process protections to avoid violations of

Rural Mothers and Fathers Choice Act

The bill's constitutionality is conditional upon its specific provisions. It must be grounded in an enumerated power, such as the General Welfare Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) or the Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3

Outer Continental Shelf Lease Restoration Act of 2026

The bill is a valid exercise of Congress's power under the Property Clause (Article IV, Section 3, Clause 2) to dispose of federal property and under the Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) to regulate offshore energy developme

BIS STRENGTH Act

The bill is a constitutional exercise of Congress's power under the Necessary and Proper Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) to structure the executive branch and provide for the efficient execution of the laws, particularly in the are

Kayleigh’s Law Act of 2026

A resolution designating August 7, 2026, as "National Lighthouse Day".

Assuring the Future of Tibet Act of 2026

The bill is unconstitutional because it directs the Secretary of State to advocate for recognition of a foreign entity, which intrudes upon the President's exclusive power to recognize foreign governments and conduct foreign affairs under A

INSULIN Act of 2026

The INSULIN Act of 2026 is constitutional only if its provisions are confined to regulating interstate commerce in insulin and do not commandeer states or regulate purely intrastate transactions. The Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8, C

MMU Rural Expansion Act of 2026

Rural and Municipal Utility Cybersecurity Act

The bill is constitutional as a proper exercise of Congress's spending power under Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 and its commerce power under Article I, Section 8, Clause 3. Hamilton and Marshall found it squarely within enumerated powers,

Restoring Electoral Fairness and Opposition Rights through Mandates for Accountability Act of 2026

The bill is constitutional as a valid exercise of Congress's enumerated powers over foreign commerce and the law of nations, supported by the necessary and proper clause, and consistent with the separation of powers.

USPS Executive Benefit and Bonus Removal Act

ARCH Act

A resolution commending the Chicago Cubs baseball teams as it celebrates its 150th anniversary on August 29, 2026.

The resolution exceeds the limited and enumerated powers of Congress under Article I, Section 8 and violates the Tenth Amendment by addressing a private, local matter without any nexus to a delegated federal power.

ADVERSARIES Act

The bill is constitutional only if it is narrowly tailored to foreign commerce and national security, avoids infringing on state police powers or individual rights (especially Fourth Amendment protections), and includes clear legislative st

A bill to facilitate the conveyance of certain land in Bonners Ferry, Idaho, platted under section 2387 of the Revised Statutes, and for other purposes.

A resolution expressing recognition and appreciation for the contributions of hotel employees and supporting the goals and ideals of National Hotel Employee Day.

The Founders are evenly divided (2-2). Hamilton and Marshall find the resolution constitutional as a non-binding expression of sentiment; Madison and Jefferson find it unconstitutional for lacking enumerated power and violating the Tenth Am

Affordable Housing Credit Carryback Act

Restore Veterans’ Compensation Act of 2026