Legislative · Article I

House — Recent Bills

Showing the 50 most recent

Row 01  c/o  HR/119/10108  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Hazardous Materials Transparency Act

Sponsor: Derek Tran, CA-45, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional only if it is limited to hazardous materials affecting interstate commerce or national defense, and if it does not infringe on state police powers, military internal operations, or executive authority. It must be

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 02  c/o  HR/119/10094  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Affordable Pricing for Taxpayer-Funded Prescription Drugs Act of 2026

Sponsor: Val T. Hoyle, OR-04, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.50

The bill is constitutional if its pricing regulations are directly tied to the government's role as a funder of drug research, do not constitute a taking of private property without just compensation, and do not exceed the limits of the Com

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 03  c/o  HR/119/10098  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

To provide for the imposition of the death penalty for certain crimes committed in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes.

Sponsor: Nancy Mace, SC-01, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

Congress has plenary authority under Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 to legislate for the District of Columbia, including defining crimes and punishments such as the death penalty. However, the constitutionality of this bill depends on stri

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

District of Columbia Capital Punishment for Heinous Crimes Act of 2025

Democratic priorities honored: robust due process protections (two attorneys, automatic appeal, proportionality review, exclusion of juveniles and intellectually disabled), a sunset clause to allow evaluation, and an independent oversight commission to prevent arbitrary applicati…

Funding: Appropriations from the general fund Total annual funding cap of Sunset 5y Oversight: District of Columbia Cap 4 citations

Path: ~240 House votes: 180 Republicans + 60 moderate Democrats from safe districts; ~58 Senate votes: 50 Republicans + 8 Democrats from states with capital punishment, with possible cloture challenges requ

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Row 04  c/o  HR/119/10100  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

To amend titles XVIII and XIX of the Social Security Act and title XXVII of the Public Health Service Act to provide for no-cost coverage for annual screening mammography beginning at 30 years of age.

Sponsor: Joe Neguse, CO-02, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional because Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce and provide for the general welfare under Article I, Section 8, and the necessary and proper clause, as well as the spending power, to mandate no-cost

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 05  c/o  HRES/119/1481  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

Honoring the life and legacy of the Honorable Kay Granger, a Representative from the State of Texas.

Sponsor: Craig A. Goldman, TX-12, R
Framers’ confidence: 1.00

The resolution is a non-binding ceremonial expression within the House's authority to manage its own proceedings under Article I, Section 5, Clause 2.

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Resolution Honoring the Public Service of Representative Kay Granger

Democratic priorities: Recognizes a female trailblazer in local and federal government, honors bipartisan cooperation on appropriations. Republican priorities: Honors a conservative Texas Republican, emphasizes fiscal responsibility through no-cost resolution.

Funding: None required 0 Sunset 1y Oversight: House Committee on House 2 citations

Path: ~420 House votes: 210 D + 210 R; unanimous consent in Senate likely, ~95 votes if recorded.

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Row 06  c/o  HR/119/10088  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

To direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services, acting through the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, to conduct a study to assess the potential for expanding the safe and effective use of reprocessed single-use devices, and for other purposes.

Sponsor: Valerie P. Foushee, NC-04, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional: Congress may direct a study on reprocessed medical devices under its Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause powers, as a reasonable means to inform future regulation.

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 07  c/o  HR/119/10105  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

To impose a cap on the price of items sold at the immigration detention facility commissary, and for other purposes.

Sponsor: Shri Thanedar, MI-13, D
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Immigration Detention Commissary Fair Pricing Act of 2025

Democratic priorities: Protects vulnerable detainees from exploitative pricing and ensures basic fairness in federal detention. Republican priorities: Avoids direct price controls, uses market-based pricing tied to local averages, limits federal spending to existing appropriation…

Funding: Existing DHS appropriations, capped $2 million per fiscal year ( Sunset 5y Oversight: DHS Office of Inspector 4 citations

Path: ~260 House votes: 180 Democrats + 80 Republicans from oversight and limited-government caucuses; ~63 Senate votes: 48 Democrats + 15 Republicans from Judiciary and Homeland Security committees.

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Row 08  c/o  HR/119/10096  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

To establish the Task Force on the Impact of the Affordable Housing Crisis, and for other purposes.

Sponsor: Michael Lawler, NY-17, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The task force is constitutional only if its inquiry is explicitly tied to an enumerated power of Congress, such as regulating interstate commerce or taxing for the general welfare, and remains purely advisory without coercive or regulatory

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 09  c/o  HR/119/10082  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Credit Union Investment Authority Act

Sponsor: Janelle S. Bynum, OR-05, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The constitutionality of the Credit Union Investment Authority Act depends on whether its provisions are narrowly tailored to regulate interstate commerce and are proper means to execute enumerated powers, without intruding upon state sover

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 010  c/o  HR/119/10104  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to eliminate the penalties for sale for use and use of dyed fuel in taxable use.

Sponsor: W. Gregory Steube, FL-17, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional as a valid exercise of Congress's power to lay and collect taxes under Article I, Section 8, Clause 1. Eliminating penalties for the taxable use of dyed fuel is a permissible legislative adjustment within federal

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 011  c/o  HR/119/10084  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I UNCONSTITUTIONAL

First Time Homebuyer Debt Reduction Act

Sponsor: Jeff Crank, CO-05, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The majority of Founders (Hamilton, Madison, Jefferson) find the act unconstitutional because it exceeds Congress's enumerated powers, violates the Tenth Amendment, and constitutes a partial benefit to a select class rather than a true gene

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 012  c/o  HRES/119/1482  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

Recognizing 100 years of American Legion Baseball and the American Legion World Series, and honoring the city of Shelby, North Carolina, for serving as the permanent home of the American Legion World Series.

Sponsor: Tim Moore, NC-14, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The resolution is constitutional as a non-binding ceremonial act within the inherent authority of each House to manage its own proceedings and express sentiments, supported by Article I, Section 5 and the Necessary and Proper Clause, and do

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 013  c/o  HR/119/10099  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

To direct the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration to issue certain regulations to extend the time period for the waiver of the commercial driver's license skills test for certain members of the military, and for other purposes.

Sponsor: Brian J. Mast, FL-21, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional under the Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause, as it regulates commercial driver licensing in interstate commerce and facilitates the transition of military personnel into the civilian workforce. The m

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 014  c/o  HR/119/10090  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to impose an excise tax on certain institutions of higher education that allow male participation in female intercollegiate athletic programs or events.

Sponsor: Harriet M. Hageman, WY-00, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.65

The excise tax on institutions of higher education permitting male participation in female athletic programs is constitutional if it is a bona fide revenue measure applied uniformly and not a punitive regulation that encroaches upon state p

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 015  c/o  HR/119/10086  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

Diabetes Prevention Program Reauthorization Act of 2026

Sponsor: Monica De La Cruz, TX-15, R
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

State Diabetes Prevention Block Grant Act of 2026

Democratic priorities: Continued federal investment in public health prevention, targeting underserved communities, and requiring evidence-based outcomes. Republican priorities: State flexibility through block grants, funding caps, sunset provisions, and no federal mandates on pr…

Funding: Annual appropriation from general re $500 million per fiscal year Sunset 5y Oversight: Office of Inspector Gene 3 citations

Path: ~250 House votes: 180 D centrists + 70 R from conservative public health caucus; ~60 Senate votes: 48 D + 12 R from health-focused senators.

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Row 016  c/o  HR/119/10107  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Families Deserve to Know Act

Sponsor: Ritchie Torres, NY-15, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.50

The bill is constitutional only if it is grounded in a specific enumerated power (such as regulating interstate commerce) and does not violate individual rights (e.g., due process, free speech) or state sovereignty under the Tenth Amendment

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 017  c/o  HR/119/10092  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

To prohibit National Laboratories from admitting certain foreign nationals, and for other purposes.

Sponsor: Pat Harrigan, NC-10, R
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

National Laboratory Foreign Access Risk Screening Act

Honors Republican priorities by maintaining strong national security screening and denying access to high-risk foreign nationals. Honors Democratic priorities by preserving scientific openness, ensuring due process through individualized assessments and appeals, and avoiding disc…

Funding: Existing Department of Energy admini $5 million per year for the Sunset 5y Oversight: Department of Energy Off 3 citations

Path: ~260 House votes: 180 D (science-and-due-process caucus) + 80 R (national-security-oversight federalists); ~68 Senate votes: 52 D + 16 R (intelligence-committee pragmatists)

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Row 018  c/o  HR/119/10091  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

Mueller-Keating Memorial Highway Act

Sponsor: Abraham J. Hamadeh, AZ-08, R
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Memorial Highway Designation Cost Control and Consent Act

Honors Democratic priorities of commemorating public safety officers and investing in symbolic recognition of community heroes. Honors Republican priorities of limiting federal mandates, respecting state consent and fiscal restraint, and avoiding new spending or unfunded obligati…

Funding: Existing appropriations for the Offi $0 in new federal funds; up Sunset 10y Oversight: Office of the Secretary 3 citations

Path: Expected near-unanimous passage: ~430 House votes (all Democrats plus most Republicans, with a few fiscal conservatives objecting to any federal designation) and ~98 Senate votes (all Democrats and mo

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Row 019  c/o  HR/119/10095  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

To amend the Foreign Service Act of 1980 to provide per diem eligibility for required leave of members of the Foreign Service.

Sponsor: William R. Keating, MA-09, D
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Foreign Service Leave Per Diem Accountability and Fairness Act

Democrats: Ensures fair treatment and financial security for Foreign Service personnel during mandatory leave, supporting worker rights and morale. Republicans: Includes a strict fiscal cap, a five-year sunset to force reauthorization, and GAO oversight to prevent abuse and ensur…

Funding: General appropriations for the Depar Capped at $5,000,000 per fis Sunset 5y Oversight: Government Accountabilit 2 citations

Path: ~400 House votes (broad bipartisan support from foreign affairs and oversight committees), ~95 Senate votes (near-unanimous, with only a handful of fiscal hawks opposing the cap).

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Row 020  c/o  HR/119/10106  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

VISITOR Act

Sponsor: Dina Titus, NV-01, D
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 021  c/o  HR/119/10103  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

To direct the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development to establish a grant program to award grants to units of general local government to establish or expand eviction diversion programs, and for other purposes.

Sponsor: Mary Gay Scanlon, PA-05, D
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

State Eviction Diversion Incentive Act of 2025

Honors Democratic priorities: provides federal support to prevent homelessness and stabilize families. Honors Republican priorities: respects federalism by channeling funds through states with a non-federal match, imposes a sunset to limit permanent federal expansion, and include…

Funding: General fund of the U.S. Treasury, s $500 million per fiscal year Sunset 5y Oversight: Office of the Inspector 2 citations

Path: ~260 House votes: 180 Democrats + 80 Republicans from federalist and oversight-minded caucuses; ~65 Senate votes: 48 Democrats + 17 Republicans who support state flexibility and fiscal discipline.

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Row 022  c/o  HRES/119/1483  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

Expressing support for the recognition of August 17 through August 23, 2026, as "Warehouse Worker Recognition Week", celebrating the workers in the logistics industry.

Sponsor: Norma J. Torres, CA-35, D
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Warehouse Worker Recognition Week Act of 2026

Honors Democratic priorities by formally recognizing warehouse workers and gathering data on their working conditions and safety; honors Republican priorities by imposing no new regulations, no new spending, and limiting the federal role to symbolic recognition and non-binding da…

Funding: Existing appropriations to the Depar $0 (no new appropriations) Sunset 5y Oversight: House Committee on Educa 1 citation

Path: ~420 House votes (including most Democrats and a majority of Republicans) and ~95 Senate votes, likely passed by unanimous consent or a voice vote.

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Row 023  c/o  HR/119/10083  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Water Technology and Resilience Reauthorization Act

Sponsor: Gilbert Ray Cisneros, CA-31, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.50

The bill is constitutional only to the extent that its provisions regulate activities with a substantial nexus to interstate commerce or constitute spending for the general welfare; any application to purely intrastate, non-economic matters

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 024  c/o  HR/119/10102  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Data Center Community Reinvestment Act of 2026

Sponsor: Andrea Salinas, OR-06, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.50

Two voices (Hamilton and Madison) deem the bill conditionally constitutional, provided its specific provisions stay within Congress's enumerated powers, particularly the taxing/spending and commerce powers, and do not commandeer state gover

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 025  c/o  HR/119/10093  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

Cancer Research Trust Fund Act

Sponsor: Ashley Hinson, IA-02, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

Congress has the constitutional authority to create the Cancer Research Trust Fund under the Taxing and Spending Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) and the Necessary and Proper Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18). Cancer research

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 026  c/o  HR/119/10101  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Open Doors to Diplomacy Act

Sponsor: Johnny Olszewski, MD-02, D
Framers’ confidence: 1.00

All four Founders agree the Open Doors to Diplomacy Act is constitutional only insofar as it does not infringe upon the President's exclusive diplomatic powers, such as recognizing foreign governments, conducting negotiations, or receiving

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 027  c/o  HR/119/10097  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

To establish a matched savings program for low-income students.

Sponsor: Susie Lee, NV-03, D
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 028  c/o  HR/119/10087  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Cancer Care Planning and Communications Act

Sponsor: Mark DeSaulnier, CA-10, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The Cancer Care Planning and Communications Act is constitutional only if its provisions respect the limits of enumerated federal powers: it must avoid coercive mandates on states or individuals, maintain a clear nexus to interstate commerc

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 029  c/o  HR/119/10085  ·  ▲ 3 days
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“Real” · Article I UNCONSTITUTIONAL

Lifelong Learning Act

Sponsor: Donald G. Davis, NC-01, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill exceeds Congress's enumerated powers, violates the Tenth Amendment, and intrudes on state sovereignty over education, as education is not among the powers delegated to the federal government.

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 030  c/o  HR/119/2069  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

Stop Secret Spending Act of 2025

Sponsor: Barry Moore, AL-01, R
Policy area: Government Operations and Politics
Framers’ confidence: 1.00

The bill is a constitutional exercise of Congress's power over the public fisc, grounded in the Spending Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause, and the Appropriations Clause, to mandate transparency and accountability for all federal expe

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 031  c/o  HR/119/10074  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

Affordable Power for the Northern Marianas Act

Sponsor: Kimberlyn King-Hinds, MP-00, R
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 032  c/o  HR/119/10081  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

No Utility Junk Fees Act

Sponsor: Eugene Simon Vindman, VA-07, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional only if it is limited to utility fees that substantially affect interstate commerce and does not intrude upon purely intrastate utility operations or state police powers. Congress may regulate such fees under the

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Consumer Utility Fee Integrity Act of 2025

Democratic priorities honored: strong consumer protection against deceptive utility fees, federal oversight to ensure transparency, and enforcement mechanisms. Republican priorities honored: respect for state sovereignty by allowing states to opt out of the condition for certain …

Funding: Existing appropriations for the Stat No additional funds authoris Sunset 5y Oversight: Department of Energy, Of 2 citations

Path: House: ~260 votes (160 Democrats + 100 Republicans from oversight and energy committees); Senate: ~62 votes (45 Democrats + 17 Republicans from western and consumer-minded states).

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Row 033  c/o  HR/119/1276  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

To remove restrictions from a parcel of land in Paducah, Kentucky.

Sponsor: James Comer, KY-01, R
Policy area: Public Lands and Natural Resources
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional only if the removal of deed restrictions serves a legitimate enumerated federal purpose and does not impair contractual obligations or infringe on state property law reserved under the Tenth Amendment.

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 034  c/o  HR/119/10080  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Energy Utility Lobbying Ban Act

Sponsor: Eugene Simon Vindman, VA-07, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional only if the condition is not unduly coercive and is directly related to the federal interest in the energy program, ensuring states retain a genuine choice and the condition does not intrude on state sovereignty.

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 035  c/o  HR/119/10077  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Safety Starts at the Top Act of 2026

Sponsor: Adam Smith, WA-09, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.50

The bill is constitutional only if it includes clear, objective criteria to prevent delegation of legislative power to private entities and is strictly limited to matters of interstate commerce that cannot be effectively regulated by the st

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 036  c/o  HR/119/10071  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

8(a) Small Business Integrity and Stability Act of 2026

Sponsor: Gilbert Ray Cisneros, CA-31, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional under Congress's powers to tax and spend for the general welfare (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1), regulate interstate commerce (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3), and make all laws necessary and proper for executin

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 037  c/o  HRES/119/1480  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

Honoring the lives, work, and sacrifice of Joseph Curseen, Jr., and Thomas Morris, Jr., the 2 United States Postal Service employees who died as a result of their contact with anthrax while working at the United States Postal facility located at 900 Brentwood Road NE, Washington, DC, during the anthrax attack in the fall of 2001; United States Postal Service employees, who have continued to work diligently in service to the people of the United States notwithstanding the anthrax attack; as well as the other 3 Americans who died and the 17 who became ill in the attack.

Sponsor: Eleanor Holmes Norton, DC-00, D
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 038  c/o  HR/119/10078  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Dollar-for-Dollar Deficit Reduction Act

Sponsor: W. Gregory Steube, FL-17, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional in principle as an exercise of Congress's borrowing power under Article I, Section 8, Clause 2 and its power of the purse, but only if it includes a waiver mechanism for national emergencies or essential governmen

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Fiscal Responsibility and Emergency Flexibility Act

Honors Democratic priorities by protecting social programs (Social Security, veterans' benefits) from sequestration and allowing emergency spending without offsets via a presidential waiver or supermajority vote. Honors Republican priorities by enforcing deficit neutrality as a d…

Funding: Existing appropriations for the Cong No new appropriation; oversi Sunset 5y Oversight: Joint CBO-OMB Deficit Mo 4 citations

Path: ~260 House votes: 180 Democratic centrists + 80 Republican fiscal conservatives; ~65 Senate votes: 48 Democrats + 17 Republicans from the oversight-minded caucus, with the waiver mechanism securing th

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Row 039  c/o  HR/119/10076  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026

Sponsor: Michael T. McCaul, TX-10, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

Congress has the constitutional authority to impose sanctions on foreign nations under its enumerated powers to regulate foreign commerce (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) and to define and punish offenses against the law of nations (Clause

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Countering Russian and Iranian Aggression Through Targeted and Accountable Sanctions Act of 2026

This honors Democratic priorities by including human rights provisions, humanitarian exceptions, and robust congressional oversight, and honors Republican priorities by using the full scope of enumerated constitutional powers, matching the original anti-Iran/Russia posture, inclu…

Funding: Appropriations from the general fund $50 million per year for fiv Sunset 5y Oversight: A new bipartisan Congres 5 citations

Path: ~265 House votes: 150 Democrats (backing oversight and human rights) + 115 Republicans (backing sanctions and sunset); ~63 Senate votes: 45 Democrats + 18 Republicans who favor a robust but time-limit

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Row 040  c/o  HR/119/10079  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Beverage Regulatory Parity Act

Sponsor: Beth Van Duyne, TX-24, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional only if it is a proper exercise of Congress's enumerated powers, particularly the Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3), and does not exceed those limits. It must not impose an unapportioned direct tax,

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

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Row 041  c/o  HR/119/2196  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

National Emergency Medical Services Memorial Extension Act

Sponsor: Richard Hudson, NC-09, R
Policy area: Public Lands and Natural Resources
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional because Congress has exclusive legislative authority over the District of Columbia under Article I, Section 8, Clause 17, and the authorization of a memorial to honor emergency medical services is a proper exercis

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

National Emergency Medical Services Memorial Authorization and Oversight Act of 2025

Honors Democratic priorities of recognizing public service and supporting federal workers, and Republican priorities of fiscal restraint (no federal funding) and limited government (sunset provision, private funding).

Funding: Private donations and in-kind contri Not specified; capped at act Sunset 10y Oversight: National Park Service, w 2 citations

Path: ~400 House votes (bipartisan consensus) and unanimous Senate consent, as the original bill passed Senate unanimously and this version adds fiscal safeguards.

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Row 042  c/o  HR/119/10070  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

Border Patrol Overtime Parity Act

Sponsor: Andy Barr, KY-06, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The Border Patrol Overtime Parity Act is constitutional as a proper exercise of Congress's enumerated powers over the common defense, immigration, and the necessary and proper means to execute those powers. The majority (Hamilton, Jefferson

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Border Patrol Overtime Parity and Accountability Act

Honors Democratic priorities of fair labor compensation and fiscal accountability (sunset, audits, caps) while honoring Republican priorities of border security and agent retention (parity with other federal law enforcement). Both parties benefit from a data-driven, cost-controll…

Funding: Reallocation of unobligated administ $150 million per fiscal year Sunset 5y Oversight: Government Accountabilit 4 citations

Path: ~270 House votes (150 Democrats favoring labor protections + 120 Republicans favoring border retention), ~65 Senate votes (38 Democrats + 27 Republicans) from members who support fiscal oversight and

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Row 043  c/o  HR/119/10075  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

First-Time Homebuyer Affordability Act

Sponsor: Darin LaHood, IL-16, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is a constitutional exercise of Congress's power to tax under Article I, Section 8, Clause 1, and the Necessary and Proper Clause, as it adjusts a statutory tax exemption without infringing on state powers or violating any constitu

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Temporary Targeted Qualified Mortgage Bond Volume Cap Expansion Act of 2025

This honors Democratic priorities by expanding funding for affordable homeownership, especially for first-time and low-income buyers, and directing resources to high-cost areas. It honors Republican priorities by including a revenue offset, a five-year sunset, state-driven alloca…

Funding: Extension of the Section 461(l) exce Revenue offset of $2.1 billi Sunset 5y Oversight: Secretary of the Treasur 3 citations

Path: ~230 House votes: 160 D (housing/city caucus) + 70 R (tax reform/revenue-offset friendly) ; ~58 Senate votes: 42 D + 16 R from midwestern and sunbelt states with severe housing shortages, though it ma

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Row 044  c/o  HR/119/10072  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Hardworking Seniors Act

Sponsor: Michelle Fischbach, MN-07, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional only if it includes safeguards to prevent fiscal harm to Medicare Part A trust fund solvency, ensures uniform application across states, stays within the enumerated taxing power without becoming a pretext for fede

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Medicare Part A Health Savings Account Access Act of 2025

Democratic priorities: Expands access to tax-advantaged savings for seniors, reduces out-of-pocket burden, and includes safeguards for Medicare trust fund solvency. Republican priorities: Promotes consumer-directed health savings, limits federal spending growth through a budget c…

Funding: General revenue, with a $500 million Up to $500 million per year Sunset 5y Oversight: Joint oversight by the S 3 citations

Path: ~250 House votes: 150 moderate Democrats + 100 fiscal-conservative Republicans; ~60 Senate votes: 35 Democrats (including those from aging states) + 25 Republicans (from the HSA-friendly caucus).

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Row 045  c/o  HR/119/10073  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Critically Endangered Animals Conservation Act of 2026

Sponsor: Jared Huffman, CA-02, D
Framers’ confidence: 0.50

The Founders are evenly divided 2-2. Hamilton and Marshall argue the bill is constitutional under the Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) and the General Welfare Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1), with Marshall also citin

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

International Endangered Species Conservation Assistance Act of 2025

Honors Democratic priorities: protects critically endangered species, supports international conservation efforts, and uses a dedicated funding stream to avoid general revenue increases. Honors Republican priorities: limits federal spending to a narrow, commerce-linked surcharge,…

Funding: A 0.5% surcharge on imports of wildl Estimated $50 million annual Sunset 5y Oversight: Secretary of the Interio 4 citations

Path: ~260 House votes: 180 Democrats (environmental caucus) + 80 Republicans (commerce and fiscal conservatives); ~63 Senate votes: 50 Democrats + 13 Republicans (from oversight and trade committees).

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Row 046  c/o  HJRES/119/214  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONDITIONAL

Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Small Off-Road Engines Regulations; Notice of Decision".

Sponsor: Jay Obernolte, CA-23, R
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The joint resolution to disapprove the EPA rule is constitutional provided it strictly follows the bicameral passage and presentment to the President required by Article I, Section 7, and does not exceed Congress's enumerated powers under t

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Uniform Small Off-Road Engine Emissions Standards Act of 2025

Honors Democratic priorities by setting a national emissions standard at least as stringent as California's, ensuring strong environmental protection and reducing air pollution. Honors Republican priorities by establishing regulatory uniformity, reducing compliance costs for manu…

Funding: General revenue (Treasury) $50,000,000 Sunset 10y Oversight: EPA Office of Inspector 3 citations

Path: House: ~260 votes (150 Democrats + 110 Republicans); Senate: ~65 votes (40 Democrats + 25 Republicans)

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Row 047  c/o  HR/119/5334  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026

Sponsor: Jimmy Panetta, CA-19, D
Policy area: International Affairs
Framers’ confidence: 1.00

All four founders agree that the bill is a constitutional exercise of Congress's power to lay and collect taxes under Article I, Section 8, Clause 1. The expansion of the educator expense deduction to early childhood educators is a permissi

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

Daily synthesis runs at 06:00 UTC. This bill's consensus draft will appear on the next pass.

Row 048  c/o  HR/119/6500  ·  ▲ 6 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2027

Sponsor: Jason Smith, MO-08, R
Policy area: Economics and Public Finance
Framers’ confidence: 0.85

The bill is constitutional as a proper exercise of Congress's power to regulate foreign commerce and to lay and collect duties, provided that the refund provision is applied uniformly and without creating factional preferences, as Madison c

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Sub-Saharan Africa Trade Preference Extension and User Fee Stability Act of 2027

Honors Democratic priorities: supports economic development in sub-Saharan Africa, preserves labor and human rights eligibility conditions, and adds GAO oversight to ensure program effectiveness and accountability. Honors Republican priorities: no new spending (refunds paid from …

Funding: Customs User Fee account, existing f $250 million cap for retroac Sunset 5y Oversight: Government Accountabilit 4 citations

Path: ~300 House votes: 185 Democrats (pro-trade, pro-Africa caucus) + 115 Republicans (free-trade, fiscal restraint due to sunset and fee-funding); ~75 Senate votes: 50 Democrats + 25 Republicans from trad

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Row 049  c/o  HR/119/3633  ·  ▲ 8 days
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“Real” · Article I CONSTITUTIONAL

Digital Asset Market Clarity Act

Sponsor: J. French Hill, AR-02, R
Policy area: Finance and Financial Sector
Framers’ confidence: 0.75

The bill is constitutional as a valid exercise of Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce under Article I, Section 8, Clause 3, and the Necessary and Proper Clause (Clause 18). The regulatory framework for digital commodities, incl

“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Would Pass

Digital Asset Market Clarity and Consumer Protection Act of 2025

Honors Democratic priorities: strong consumer protections, anti-money laundering safeguards, and market integrity through clear rules and enforcement. Honors Republican priorities: regulatory clarity, reduced uncertainty for innovators, a sunset provision to prevent permanent ove…

Funding: 0.01% fee on each digital commodity Capped at $50 million per ye Sunset 5y Oversight: Joint CFTC-SEC Digital A 3 citations

Path: ~260 House votes: 180 Democrats + 80 Republicans; ~65 Senate votes: 50 Democrats + 15 Republicans from oversight-minded caucus.

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Row 050  c/o  HR/119/6332  ·  ▲ 10 days
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“Real” · Article I Awaiting Framers

To designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 10660 Page Avenue in Fairfax, Virginia, as the "Congressman Gerald E. Connolly Post Office Building".

Sponsor: James R. Walkinshaw, VA-11, D
Policy area: Government Operations and Politics
“AI Consensus” · Bipartisan Draft Awaiting Synthesis

Daily synthesis runs at 06:00 UTC. This bill's consensus draft will appear on the next pass.

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