Supremacy Clause

In the founders’ words

• “The words "pursuant to the constitution" will be no restriction to the authority of congress; for the foregoing section gives them unlimited legislation; their unbounded power of taxation does alone include all others, as whoever has the purse strings will have full dominion.” Centinel (attributed to Samuel Bryan), Centinel, No. 5 (1787-12-04)
• “The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts. A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two, that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred;” Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist No. 78 (1788-05-28)
• “But it will not follow from this doctrine that acts of the large society which are NOT PURSUANT to its constitutional powers, but which are invasions of the residuary authorities of the smaller societies, will become the supreme law of the land. These will be merely acts of usurpation, and will deserve to be treated as such.” Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist No. 33 (1788-01-03)
• “For all laws made, in pursuance of this constitution, are the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of the different states to the contrary notwithstanding.--By such a law, the government of a particular state might be overturned at one stroke, and thereby be deprived of every means of its support.” Brutus (attributed to Robert Yates), Brutus, No. 1 (1787-10-18)
• “It is to be observed that when the people shall adopt the proposed constitution it will be their last and supreme act; it will be adopted not by the people of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, etc. but by the people of the United States; and wherever this constitution, or any part of it, shall be incompatible with the ancient customs, rights, the laws or the constitutions heretofore established in the United States, it will entirely abolish them and do them away” The Federal Farmer, Letters from the Federal Farmer, No. 4 (1787-10-12)

Public-domain primary sources, quoted word for word and checked against the linked text.

Leading Supreme Court cases

• Ware v. Hylton, 3 U.S. 199 (1796)
• Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)
• Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816)
• McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819)
• Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1 (1824)
• Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. 539 (1842) · superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment
• Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52 (1941)
• Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958)
• Medellín v. Texas, 552 U.S. 491 (2008)
• Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012)
• Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn., 584 U.S. 453 (2018)

Cite this page

Values for America Constitution Explorer, https://www.valuesforamerica.com/constitution (text: National Archives transcription, public domain), Article VI, Clause 2, https://www.valuesforamerica.com/constitution/article-6/clause-2

Data: this provision as JSON.