Lady Liberty Act of 2025

Enumerated powers · passes

Congress has explicit authority over immigration and naturalization under Article I, Section 8, Clause 4. Setting a statutory floor for refugee admissions is a direct exercise of this power. The bill does not exceed this authority.

Bill of Rights · passes

The bill does not implicate any of the first ten amendments. It does not restrict speech, religion, assembly, press, petition, arms, quartering, search and seizure, self-incrimination, due process, takings, fair trial, jury, cruel and unusual punishment, unenumerated rights, or reserved powers. It concerns the admission of refugees, which is a matter of immigration policy, not a rights issue.

Individual liberty · passes

The bill does not restrict the rights of individuals already in the United States. It sets a minimum number of refugees who may be admitted, which does not restrict anyone's person, property, speech, labor, or belief. The government has a compelling interest in controlling immigration, and this bill does not infringe on individual sovereignty.

Decentralization · passes

Immigration and refugee admissions are inherently national matters requiring uniform federal policy. An individual, local community, or state cannot effectively handle refugee admissions without federal involvement. The bill does not consolidate decision-making upward beyond the minimum necessary; it sets a statutory floor, which is a federal function. The Tenth Amendment is not violated because the Constitution grants the federal government authority over immigration.

Due process and takings · passes

The bill does not bypass due process or take property. It does not affect the rights of any person in a way that would require procedural or substantive due process. It does not involve any taking of property. The only potential issue is that it limits the President's discretion, but this is a statutory change, not a due process violation.