To direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from Venezuela that have not been authorized by Congress.

Enumerated powers · passes

Congress has explicit constitutional authority under Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 to declare war and to authorize military force. This resolution directs the removal of forces deployed without such authorization, which is a proper exercise of that power. It does not exceed enumerated powers.

Bill of Rights · passes

The resolution does not restrict speech, religion, press, assembly, petition, arms, quartering, search and seizure, self-incrimination, due process, takings, trial rights, cruel and unusual punishment, or any other right protected by the first ten amendments. No Bill of Rights provision is implicated.

Individual liberty · passes

The resolution imposes no restriction on individual person, property, speech, labor, or belief. It addresses only the deployment of federal armed forces, which is a matter of national security and foreign policy, not individual conduct. The government bears no burden to justify a restriction because none exists.

Decentralization · passes

The resolution passes all four questions of the decentralization test. (1) An individual or family cannot handle military deployments; (2) a local community cannot; (3) a state cannot; (4) the resolution does not consolidate decision-making at a higher level than necessary—it reasserts the constitutional allocation of war powers to Congress, which is the proper federal body for such decisions. It does not violate the Tenth Amendment.

Due process and takings · passes

The resolution does not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process, nor does it take private property for public use without just compensation. It is a directive to the executive branch regarding troop deployment and raises no procedural or substantive due process concerns.