Directing the President pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution to remove United States Armed Forces from unauthorized hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Enumerated powers · passes

Congress has the constitutional authority to declare war and to direct the removal of armed forces from unauthorized hostilities under Article I, Section 8, Clause 11. This resolution is a proper exercise of that power and is consistent with the War Powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1541-1548).

Bill of Rights · passes

The resolution does not implicate any provision of the first ten amendments. It addresses the use of military force abroad and does not restrict speech, religion, assembly, press, petition, arms, quartering, search and seizure, self-incrimination, due process, takings, trial rights, or cruel and unusual punishment.

Individual liberty · passes

The resolution does not restrict what individuals may do with their person, property, speech, labor, or belief. It directs the President to terminate unauthorized hostilities, which is a government action concerning the military, not individual liberty.

Decentralization · passes

The resolution passes all four questions of the decentralization test. (1) An individual cannot handle war; it is a national matter. (2) A local community cannot handle war. (3) A state cannot handle war; foreign policy and military action are exclusively federal. (4) The resolution does not consolidate decision-making upward; it reasserts Congress's constitutional role over the executive, which is a proper check and balance. It does not violate the Tenth Amendment.

Due process and takings · passes

The resolution does not bypass due process, presume guilt, or take property without just compensation. It is a directive to the President regarding military operations and does not affect any person's procedural or substantive due process rights or property interests.