Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities with Iran.

Enumerated powers · passes

Congress has explicit constitutional authority under Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 to declare war and to define the limits of military engagement. This resolution exercises that power by directing the President to remove forces from hostilities unless Congress authorizes them. It does not exceed enumerated powers.

Bill of Rights · passes

The resolution does not restrict speech, religion, assembly, press, petition, arms, quartering, search and seizure, self-incrimination, due process, takings, fair trial, jury, cruel and unusual punishment, or any other right protected by the Bill of Rights. It addresses only the deployment of armed forces abroad.

Individual liberty · passes

The resolution imposes no restriction on individual persons, property, speech, labor, or belief. It governs the conduct of the executive branch in foreign military operations, not the liberties of any citizen.

Decentralization · passes

The resolution passes all four questions. (1) An individual or family cannot handle international hostilities, so government involvement is necessary. (2) A local community or county cannot handle national war powers. (3) A state cannot handle federal war powers. (4) The resolution does not consolidate decision-making upward; it reinforces the existing constitutional allocation of war powers to Congress, which is the proper level under Article I.

Due process and takings · passes

The resolution does not bypass due process, presume guilt, or take property without just compensation. It provides clear notice and a procedural framework for the President to follow, consistent with the War Powers Resolution and the Fifth Amendment.