25th Anniversary of 9/11 Commemorative Coin Act

SI-generated grade · five published checks · not individually reviewed by a person · methodology

Commemorative coinage is an express Article I power, the purchase and surcharge are fully voluntary, and no rights, sovereignty, federalism, or due process interest is impaired. The measure is constitutional.

• ✓ Passes · Enumerated powers
  Congress has express authority to coin money under Article I, Section 8, Clause 5. Directing the Treasury to mint commemorative coins and set sale terms including a surcharge falls squarely within that grant.
• ✓ Passes · Bill of Rights
  No provision of the Bill of Rights is infringed. Purchase is voluntary, no speech compelled or restricted under the First Amendment, no search under the Fourth Amendment, no taking under the Fifth Amendment because the surcharge is part of a voluntary purchase price, not a compelled levy.
• ✓ Passes · Individual sovereignty
  No restriction on person, property, speech, labor, or belief. No one is required to buy the coin, and the Museum recipient does not regulate private conduct. The government bears no further justification burden because no liberty is curtailed.
• ✓ Passes · Decentralization
  Coinage is an inherently national function. Individuals, counties, and states cannot issue uniform national coinage, so federal action is the minimum necessary level. No state or local authority is displaced, so there is no upward consolidation in violation of the Tenth Amendment.
• ✓ Passes · Due process and takings
  No deprivation of life, liberty, or property under the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause. No property is seized and no Takings Clause compensation issue arises because buyers voluntarily pay the stated price including the surcharge with full notice.

Sources: Congress.gov: HR 1993 summary