25th Anniversary of 9/11 Commemorative Coin Act

Enumerated powers · passes

Congress has express authority to coin money under Article I, Section 8, Clause 5. Directing the Treasury to mint commemorative coins and set sale terms including a surcharge falls squarely within that grant.

Bill of Rights · passes

No provision of the Bill of Rights is infringed. Purchase is voluntary, no speech compelled or restricted under the First Amendment, no search under the Fourth Amendment, no taking under the Fifth Amendment because the surcharge is part of a voluntary purchase price, not a compelled levy.

Individual liberty · passes

No restriction on person, property, speech, labor, or belief. No one is required to buy the coin, and the Museum recipient does not regulate private conduct. The government bears no further justification burden because no liberty is curtailed.

Decentralization · passes

Coinage is an inherently national function. Individuals, counties, and states cannot issue uniform national coinage, so federal action is the minimum necessary level. No state or local authority is displaced, so there is no upward consolidation in violation of the Tenth Amendment.

Due process and takings · passes

No deprivation of life, liberty, or property under the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause. No property is seized and no Takings Clause compensation issue arises because buyers voluntarily pay the stated price including the surcharge with full notice.