Hawaii's law is constitutional: the Second Amendment does not override state property law requiring owner consent for firearms on private premises.

1) The question is whether the Second Amendment, as applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibits Hawaii from requiring express property owner consent before a licensed concealed-carry permit holder may carry a handgun on private property open to the public. 2) The Second Amendment states: 'A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.' The Fifth Amendment states: 'nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.' The Tenth Amendment states: 'The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.' 3) At ratification (1791) and at the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868), the common law recognized that a property owner had the right to exclude others from their land, including by imposing conditions on entry. No historical source suggests the Second Amendment gave individuals a right to enter private property without the owner's consent. The right to bear arms was understood as a right against government disarmament, not a right to trespass. The Militia Act of 1792 required arms for militia service but did not override state property law. Federalist No. 46 (Madison) confirms the Second Amendment was about preserving state militias against federal overreach, not creating a right to carry on private land. 4) Holding: Hawaii's law is constitutional. The Second Amendment does not preempt state property law requiring express consent for firearms on private premises. The state's interest in public safety and property rights is legitimate. The law does not infringe the core right of self-defense because permit holders may carry on public property and on private property with owner consent. The law is a reasonable regulation of the manner of carrying, not a prohibition. 5) Downstream: States may continue to regulate firearms on private property open to the public. The Bruen 'historical analogues' test is narrowed: it does not apply to property-based restrictions. The Second Amendment does not create a right to enter private land without the owner's permission.