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Constitution Index grade · Constitution grade A (Constitutional) · Oct 08, 2026

H.R. 6938: Commerce, Justice, Science; Energy and Water Development; and Interior and Environment Appropriations Act, 2026

…the bill is a funding measure and does not direct censorship, disarmament, warrantless search, compelled testimony, or denial of trial rights. No provision described restricts speech, religion, press, assembly under the First Amendment,…
Constitution Index grade · Constitution grade A (Constitutional) · Oct 08, 2026

H.R. 8595: Making appropriations for national security, Department of State, and related programs for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2027, and for other purposes.

…funds for domestic speech suppression, religious establishment, disarmament, warrantless search, compelled testimony, unfair trial, or punishment. The bill funds foreign-affairs administration, commissions, and economic assistance. No…
Constitution Index grade · Constitution grade A (Constitutional) · Oct 08, 2026

H.R. 3944: Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, Agriculture, and Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2026

…adjudicate guilt, impose punishment without trial, authorize seizure without warrant, or take private property for public use. No procedural due process violation under the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause and no physical or regulatory…
Constitution Index grade · Constitution grade B (Mostly sound) · Oct 13, 2026

H.Con.Res. 113: Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2027 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2028 through 2036.

…which, while not explicitly prohibited, raises significant separation of powers and deliberation concerns. Additionally, the resolution's scope is limited to the federal government's own fiscal operations, and it does not infringe on…
Constitution Index grade · Constitution grade C (Significant issues) · Oct 14, 2026

H.R. 9170: Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2027

…while arguably within the spending power, may exceed the scope of enumerated powers by effectively regulating local land use and housing markets. Additionally, the bill imposes numerous conditions and restrictions on the use of funds that…
Constitution Index grade · Constitution grade B (Mostly sound) · Oct 14, 2026

H.R. 9171: Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2027

…Appropriations Clause). However, the Constitution limits federal spending to powers enumerated in Article I, Section 8. While funding the Department of the Interior, EPA, and related agencies for land management, environmental protection,…
Constitution Index grade · Constitution grade A (Constitutional) · Oct 08, 2026

H.R. 5371: Continuing Appropriations, Agriculture, Legislative Branch, Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Extensions Act, 2026

HR 5371 is a routine exercise of Congress's core appropriations power under Article I, Sections 8 and 9. It ends the shutdown by funding federal operations, imposes no restriction on individual rights, takes no property, and federalizes no…
Constitution Index grade · Constitution grade A (Constitutional) · Oct 08, 2026

S.Con.Res. 33: A concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2026 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2027 through 2035.

…congressional budget framework exercising core Article I fiscal and rulemaking powers. It imposes no rights restriction, no individual mandate, and no taking, and it operates at the proper federal level for federal budgeting. Congress has…

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Cited

H.R. 6938: Commerce, Justice, Science; Energy and Water Development; and Interior and Environment Appropriations Act, 2026

H.R. 8595: Making appropriations for national security, Department of State, and related programs for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2027, and for other purposes.

H.R. 3944: Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, Agriculture, and Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2026

H.Con.Res. 113: Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2027 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2028 through 2036.

H.R. 9170: Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2027

H.R. 9171: Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2027

H.R. 5371: Continuing Appropriations, Agriculture, Legislative Branch, Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Extensions Act, 2026

S.Con.Res. 33: A concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2026 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2027 through 2035.