Executive Order 14369 explained · Executive Order · No disposition noted
Ensuring American Space Superiority
Signed: 2025-12-18 Published: 2025-12-23 Federal Register document: 2025-23845
Agencies: Executive Office of the President
Federal Register notes (as of 2026-10-19): Amends: Space Policy Directive 3, June 18, 2018 Revokes: EO 14056, December 1, 2021 See: EO 14186, January 27, 2025; EO 14271, April 15, 2025
What Executive Order 14369 says
Federal Register, Volume 90 Issue 244 (Tuesday, December 23, 2025) [Federal Register Volume 90, Number 244 (Tuesday, December 23, 2025)] [Presidential Documents] [Pages 60537-60540] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2025-23845] Presidential Documents Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 244 / Tuesday, December 23, 2025 / Presidential Documents [[Page 60537]] Executive Order 14369 of December 18, 2025 Ensuring American Space Superiority By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered: Section 1. Purpose. Superiority in space is a measure of national vision and willpower, and the technologies Americans develop to achieve it contribute substantially to the Nation's strength, security, and prosperity. The United States must therefore pursue a space policy that will extend the reach of human discovery, secure the Nation's vital economic and security interests, unleash commercial development, and lay the foundation for a new space age. Sec. 2. Policy. My Administration will focus its space policy on achieving the following priorities: (a) Leading the world in space exploration and expanding human reach and American presence in space by: (i) returning Americans to the Moon by 2028 through the Artemis Program, to assert American leadership in...
Opening of the official text; read it in full in the Federal Register.
Constitution Index
“VFA Constitution grade”
Constitutionally sound
Graded 2026-10-08
SI-generated grade · five published checks · not individually reviewed by a person · methodology
Executive Order 14369 directs federal space exploration, national defense, and commercial development within core federal powers. It infringes no enumerated or unenumerated rights, restricts no individual conduct, usurps no state or local function, and takes no property without due process. Grade A.
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✓ Passes · Enumerated powers
Federal space, defense, and commerce action is authorized. Article II, Section 2 makes the President Commander in Chief and vests executive power in directing agencies; Article II, Section 3 requires faithful execution of laws. Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 (commerce), Clause 11-16 (defense, armies, navy), and Clause 18 (Necessary and Proper) support missile defense, space commerce, and NASA prog… -
✓ Passes · Bill of Rights
No provision restricts speech, religion, press, assembly (First Amendment), arms (Second Amendment), quartering (Third Amendment), searches (Fourth Amendment), trial rights (Fifth, Sixth, Seventh Amendments), or punishment (Eighth Amendment). The Order directs exploration, missile defense, and commercial space growth; it creates no surveillance, speech code, gun regulation, or criminal penalty. -
✓ Passes · Individual sovereignty
The Order imposes no restriction on person, property, speech, labor, or belief. It expands opportunity by enabling commercial launch, private space stations, and market entrants. No mandate, prohibition, or compelled conduct on private citizens; government bears no additional justification burden because no individual liberty is curtailed. -
✓ Passes · Decentralization
Orbital operations, lunar presence, missile defense, spectrum leadership, and space traffic management cannot be performed by individuals, counties, or single states. Under the Tenth Amendment, these are inherently national functions involving common defense and foreign affairs. The Order does not preempt state police powers or consolidate traditionally local decision-making upward; it directs fed… -
✓ Passes · Due process and takings
No deprivation of life, liberty, or property under the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause, no criminal process triggering presumption-of-innocence concerns, and no physical or regulatory taking requiring just compensation. Commercial preferences and acquisition reform use voluntary contracts and existing appropriations, with no seizure, forfeiture, or bypass of notice and hearing.
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