Modifying Duties To Address Threats to the United States by the Government of the Russian Federation

Enumerated powers · passes

This order lifts a prior 25 percent duty on goods of India tied to Russian oil purchases. It rests on Article II Sections 1 plus 3 for foreign policy execution, plus Congress grant in IEEPA at 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq. plus Trade Act section 604, plus National Emergencies Act. Lifting a duty eases trade limits, uses delegated power, stays within scope of emergency powers tied to foreign threat. No new domestic rule is set.

Bill of Rights · passes

No provision limits speech, creed, press, assembly, petition under First Amendment; no curb on arms under Second Amendment; no search or seizure under Fourth Amendment; no compelled testimony or taking under Fifth Amendment; no trial or jury or punishment issue under Sixth Seventh Eighth Amendments. The order removes a trade duty, does not direct enforcement versus persons, homes, papers, or beliefs in the United States.

Individual liberty · passes

The order lessens state control over buyers, sellers, plus shippers by ending added duty. It does not tell persons whom to employ, how to worship, how to speak, how to use owned goods, or how to work. Government must show strong ground to curb freedom; here freedom grows since cost drops. No personal conduct, property hold, speech, labor, or belief is curbed.

Decentralization · passes

Foreign commerce plus duties belong to Congress plus President under Article I Section 8 Clause 3 plus Clause 1. Persons, towns, counties, or states cannot set tariff terms; Article I Section 10 bars states from imposts. So federal level is the floor. The order cuts federal control, does not pull power up; it leaves more room to trade.

Due process and takings · passes

No person is fined, held in custody, or stripped of owned goods without notice plus proper forum. Refunds go through Customs norms under law. The text preserves budget plus agency limits, plus says no new enforceable right is cut. No retroactive penalty or seizure occurs; duty ends prospectively on Feb 7 2026.