A concurrent resolution authorizing the use of the rotunda of the Capitol for a ceremony to honor the late Senator Lindsey O. Graham.

Enumerated powers · passes

The Constitution grants Congress the authority to determine the rules of its proceedings and to manage its own internal affairs. Article I, Section 5, Clause 2 provides that 'Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings,' which implicitly includes the use of the Capitol building for official ceremonies. Additionally, Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 grants Congress the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution its enumerated powers, which includes the management of the Capitol. This resolution is a purely internal legislative action, well within these powers.

Bill of Rights · passes

The resolution does not implicate any of the first ten amendments. It does not restrict speech, religion, assembly, press, or petition (First Amendment); it does not affect the right to keep and bear arms (Second Amendment); it does not involve quartering of soldiers (Third Amendment); it does not authorize any search or seizure (Fourth Amendment); it does not affect criminal proceedings, due process, or takings (Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Amendments); and it does not infringe on unenumerated rights or reserved powers (Ninth and Tenth Amendments). The resolution is purely ceremonial and non-coercive.

Individual liberty · passes

The resolution imposes no restriction on any individual's person, property, speech, labor, or belief. It merely authorizes the use of a government building for a ceremonial event. No individual is compelled to do anything, and no private right is affected. The burden on government to justify restrictions is not triggered because there is no restriction.

Decentralization · passes

This action is a purely internal matter of the federal legislative branch. It does not involve any policy that could be handled by individuals, local communities, or states. The use of the Capitol rotunda is inherently a federal function, and the resolution does not consolidate any decision-making authority that would otherwise reside at a lower level. It passes all four questions: (1) individuals cannot handle this because the rotunda is federal property; (2) local communities cannot handle this because the rotunda is not local; (3) states cannot handle this because the rotunda is federal; (4) it does not consolidate upward because the decision is already at the federal level and is purely internal.

Due process and takings · passes

The resolution does not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, and it does not take any private property. It does not involve any adjudicative or administrative proceeding that would require notice or a hearing. There is no due process or takings issue.