Re-decided holding: The Fourth Circuit did not violate Article III's case-or-controversy requirement; its remand for factfinding was a permissible exercise of its appellate jurisdiction, and the CSRA's exclusivity is not a jurisdictional bar based on text or original meaning.

Verified Values for America participants only: national results count accounts with a verified email; state and district results count only those who also attested a home ZIP code. Participants choose to take part, so this is not a random sample or a poll of all residents; ± is the 95% sampling margin and does not correct for self-selection. A breakdown publishes at 30 verified votes. Methodology.