Recognizing the 1960 University of Missouri Tigers Football Team for its undefeated regular season, Orange Bowl victory, and claim to the 1960 National Championship.

This resolution is a mere expression of the sense of the House; it appropriates no treasure, commands no citizen, regulates no commerce, and binds no State. It exercises none of the coercive energies of government, and therefore cannot transgress the enumeration of powers in Article I, Section 8, nor offend the reservation of the Tenth Amendment. Each chamber possesses the inherent authority to declare its own sentiments through resolutions, an incident of its deliberative character under Article I, Section 5. A commendation of athletic achievement carries no legal force and imposes no obligat…

I search Article I, Section 8 in vain for any clause empowering Congress to bestow commendation upon the athletic victories of a State university. The enumeration of federal powers is the chain deliberately drawn around the national legislature; 'to take a single step beyond the boundaries thus specially drawn around the powers of Congress, is to take possession of a boundless field of power, no longer susceptible of any definition.' A resolution praising footballers is neither commerce, nor taxation, nor war, nor any other enumerated object—it is an act of sentiment, and sentiment is not amon…

The powers delegated to the general government are few and defined, while those remaining with the States are numerous and indefinite (Federalist No. 45). A search of Article I, Section 8 discovers no clause empowering Congress to pronounce upon the merits of athletic societies or to certify the victors of collegiate sport. Nor can such an object be drawn from the General Welfare Clause without reducing the entire enumeration to absurdity, for a power to accomplish every purpose would render the specification of particular powers a nullity (Federalist No. 41). Nevertheless, this measure is a s…

This measure is a resolution of recognition, not an act of binding law. It commands nothing, regulates nothing, and appropriates nothing. The question for this Court is whether such an expression exceeds the grant of power in Article I, Section 1, which vests all legislative power in Congress, and Article I, Section 8, which enumerates the objects upon which that power may operate. Education is not among the enumerated powers; the regulation of schools and universities rests with the States and the people by virtue of the Tenth Amendment. Were this resolution to carry legal force—compelling co…