H.R. 3562 explained · 119th Congress · Pending in Congress
DEFIANCE Act of 2025
Cosponsors: 65 (33 D, 32 R) · per Congress.gov, 2026-10-11
Introduced: 2025-05-21
Latest action (2025-05-21): Referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary.
What H.R. 3562 does, in plain terms
Disrupt Explicit Forged Images And Non-Consensual Edits Act of 2025 or the DEFIANCE Act of 2025 This bill expands civil remedies for the nonconsensual disclosure of intimate images (i.e., nonconsensual pornography). The bill also establishes a new federal civil action for nonconsensual conduct involving intimate digital forgeries (i.e., deepfakes). The term intimate digital forgery means any intimate visual depiction of an identifiable individual created using software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or other computer-generated or technological means that looks authentic. With respect to the nonconsensual disclosure of intimate images, current law allows an identifiable individual to recover civil remedies, including litigation costs, damages, and injunctive relief. This bill increases the available damages by allowing the individual to recover punitive damages and by including, as part of actual damages, profits of the defendant that are attributable to the conduct at issue. The bill also allows an identifiable individual who is the subject of an intimate digital forgery to file a federal civil action against anyone who knowingly discloses, produces or possesses with intent to disclose, or solicits and receives the intimate digital forgery without the individual's consent. Under the bill, the identifiable individual may recover the same expanded civil remedies that are available for the nonconsensual disclosure of intimate images. Finally, the bill establishes a 10-year statute of limitations for filing civil actions involving nonconsensual intimate digital forgeries or nonconsensual disclosure of intimate images. The statute begins to run when the individual discovers the violation or turns 18, whichever is later.
Official summary by the Congressional Research Service, via Congress.gov.
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The Framers
“Founders’ Verdict”
Confidence 0.50
Archived SI output (machine-generated)No editorial review recorded. This historical SI verdict was machine-generated by software and predates the review desk; check it against the official bill text.
Synthesis
Exceeds Congress's enumerated powers, encroaches on state police powers over local crimes and morals, and risks abridging First Amendment freedoms.
The DEFIANCE Act of 2025, concerning crime and law enforcement via a federal civil remedy for non-consensual explicit imagery distributed interstate, falls within Congress's enumerated power to regulate commerce among the states, provided it does not exceed into general police powers reserved to the states. Such legislation strengthens the union by addressing vices that traverse state lines, akin to suppressing piracy or counterfeiting, but must be strictly tied to federal jurisdiction and not usurp state authority over local morals. Referral to the House Committee on the Judiciary aligns with…
The DEFIANCE Act proposes federal civil remedies for the creation or distribution of non-consensual deepfake intimate images, a matter akin to torts and personal injuries traditionally governed by state police powers. The Constitution delegates no general authority to Congress over such private wrongs, which do not inherently constitute commerce among the states. Strict construction limits federal power to enumerated objects; extending it to regulate intimate depictions risks suppressing speech and exceeds delegated bounds, reserving such regulation to the states or the people. Individual libe…
The DEFIANCE Act, concerning crimes and law enforcement related to forged images, exceeds the enumerated powers of Congress. The federal government possesses only those powers expressly delegated, such as regulating commerce among the states, and lacks a general authority to define and punish crimes of a local nature like the creation or distribution of intimate images, which fall under state police powers. Moreover, legislation imposing civil liability for expressive content risks abridging freedom of speech, a fundamental restraint on congressional authority.
The Congress possesses the authority to enact legislation concerning crimes and law enforcement as necessary and proper to the execution of its enumerated powers, including the regulation of commerce among the several States and the provision for the general welfare. Such a bill, upon referral to the Committee on the Judiciary, falls within the legislative process contemplated by the Constitution. The power to define and punish federal offenses is implied through the Necessary and Proper Clause, allowing means conducive to legitimate ends, and aligns with the supremacy of federal law over matt…
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